PREVALENCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPONATREMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS HAVING UNCONTROLLED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS PRESENTING AT HAYATABAD MEDICAL COMPLEX PESHAWAR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69723/njms.04.01.0511Keywords:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyponatremia, uncontrolled diabetesAbstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is emerging as largest pandemic in the world. Hyponatremia is common in diabetic patients, early detection helps in decreasing morbidities associated with electrolytes imbalance.
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of asymptomatic hyponatremia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients having uncontrolled blood glucose levels. The second objective was to evaluate the correlation between the severity of hyponatremia and the duration of uncontrolled diabetes in type 2 diabetic patients.
METHODOLOGY Study was conducted from June 2024 to December 2024 in department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hayatabad Medical complex Peshawar. Total 376 participants, adult diabetic patients of both genders having diabetes for at least last 10 years, clinically stable and with uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c>7) were included in the study from the out-patient department. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables while percentages were obtained for categorical variables. Chi square test was used where necessary keeping p vale of ≤ 0.05 as statistically significant.
RESULTS Out of total 376 participants, male participants were 58.24 % while female participants were 41.75%. Hyponatremia was found in 59.3 % patients. 46.63% of male while 53.33% of female participants were suffering from hyponatremia. According to severity of the hyponatremia, it was mild in 57.3% cases, moderate in 30.49% cases while profound in 12.1% cases. Hyponatremia was significantly associated with age and HbA1c levels while it was not associated with gender.
CONCLUSION Asymptomatic hyponatremia has high prevalence in the T2DM patients whose blood glucose levels remain uncontrolled. These imbalances can also be ameliorated in advance to minimize the risk of complications and ultimately benefit diabetes management.
KEYWORDS Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyponatremia, uncontrolled diabetes
References
Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107-11.
https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001.
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.
https://doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119.
Santhosh V, Gomathi D. M, Khadeja-Bi A, Suganya S, Gurulakshmi G, Manjula D. N. Study of Serum Electrolytes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals in Rural Tertiary Care Hospital in Kancheepuram District. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021;14(2).
https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2171.
Hussain F, Ebeling-Koning NE, Carlson J, Beauchamp GA. From Crashing Waves to Crashing Sodium: A Rare Case of Nearly Asymptomatic Severe Hyponatremia. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41474.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41474.
Ing TS, Ganta K, Bhave G, et al. The Corrected Serum Sodium Concentration in Hyperglycemic Crises: Computation and Clinical Applications. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:477.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00477.
Pattanaik L, Acharya M, Yadav MK, Mishra PK, Nayaket M. Alterations in serum electrolyte homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients - a cross-sectional study in VIMSAR, Burla. J Evid Based Med Healthc 2020;7(52):3148-52.
https://doi.10.18410/jebmh/2020/641.
Eshetu B, Worede A, Fentie A, Chane E, Fetene G, Wondifraw H, et al. Assessment of electrolyte imbalance and associated factors among adult diabetic patients attending the university of gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:1207-20.
https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S404788
Bohara J, Kunwar S, Poudel GA et.al. Serum electrolytes disturbances in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Health Sci Res. 2021; 11(7): 105-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210715.
Uppara S, Narayanaswamy BS, Venkata RKA, et al. A study on serum electrolyte imbalance in type-2 diabetes mellitus - a hospital-based study. J Evid Based Med Healthc 2020; 7(48), 2847-2851. DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2020/583.
Zhang X, Li XY. Prevalence of hyponatremia among older inpatients in a general hospital. Eur Geriatr Med. 2020;11(4):685-92.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-020-00320-3.
Huang H, Huang Z, Hua L, Liu W, Xu F, Ge X et al. The association between normal serum sodium levels and bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13(2022):927223.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.927223
Rajagopal L, Ganesan V, Abdullah SM, Arunachalam S, Kathamuthu K, Ramraj B. Exploring the interrelationship between electrolytes, anemia, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) levels in type 2 diabetics. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(1): 251-6.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2024.47.37.41815.
Reshma Sh, Sushith S, Prathima MB, Janice D, Madan GR, Gowda P, Kumar KP, Rai M, Kalal BS. Serum electrolytes levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes mellitus. 2020;23(3):223-228.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Sami, Sana, Khalid Usman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purposes. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
.png)
