ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AESCULUS INDICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69723/njms.04.02.0565Keywords:
Aesculus indica, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Quercetin, CiprofloxacinAbstract
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and bacterial infections have been identified as the root cause of the development and progression of several diseases. Despite many medicinal plants being reported to have antioxidant and antibacterial potentials, only a few are investigated. Medicinal plants exerting these properties can be used alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of various disorders.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the antioxidant and anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Aesculus Indica.
METHODOLOGY: This experimental, lab-based study was carried out at the Pharmacy department of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, from September 2022 to March 2023. The ethanolic extract of Aesculus indica was evaluated for its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The stable 1,1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl radical was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Quercetin was used as standard antioxidant. Antibacterial activity of Aesculus indica was evaluated by paper disc diffusion method against the bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus atrophaeus at the dose of 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml. Ciprofloxacin (40μg/ml) was used as a standard antibacterial drug for Staphylococcus epidermidis.
RESULTS: The mean of Aesculus Indica extract for 1,1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was 83.76±0.76 while that of standard drug quercetin was 93.21±0.97. Statistically significant difference was found between the two. Ethanolic extract of Aesculus Indica showed significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activity in comparison to ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus atrophaeus.
CONCLUSION: Ethanolic extract of the Aesculus Indica showed significant antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties.
KEY WORDS: Aesculus indica, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Quercetin, Ciprofloxacin.
References
Roy A, Khan A, Ahmad I, Alghamdi S, Rajab BS, Babalghith AO et al. Flavonoids a Bioactive Compound from Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Applications. BioMed Res Int. 2022;(1–9):3-12. DOI: https://10.1155/2022/5445291.
Faisal R, Shinwari L, Aziz I, Khalil AT. Therapeutic and Adverse Effects of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants: Standardization and Quality Assurance. Proceedings Pak Acad Sci. 2019;56(3):1-9.
Makani I, Marenga W, Lekgoba T, Rantong G, Sithole NT, Ntuli F, Kandjou V, Renu R. The characteristics and efficiency of Strychnos potatorum as a medicinal plant and water purification agent: a review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2025 Feb 22:1-2. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-025-06398-1
Yala JF, Mabika Mabika R, Ikabanga DU, Mounioko F, Mokouapamba PR, Lepengue AN, Souza A. Ethnopharmacological Survey, Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea in Southeastern Gabon. Plants. 2023 Oct 20;12(20):3629. DOI: https://10.3390/plants12203629
Faisal R, Chiragh S, Popalzai AJ, Ur-Rehman K. Anti-inflammatory effect of thymoquinone in comparison with methotrexate on pristane induced arthritis in rats. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(5):519-25.
Faisal R, Ahmad N, Fahed YS, Chiragh S. Anti-arthritic effect of thymoquinone in comparison with methotrexate on pristane induced arthritis in female sprague dawley rats. J Ayub Med Coll. 2018;30(1):3-7.
Madhvi SK, Iqbal J, Yonis M. Aesculus indica: An ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological review. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2023;14(2):174-84.
Mohapatra KP, Mahajan R, Langyan S, Sarkar S, Kumar S, Semwal DP, Soyimchiten N, Chandra P. Indian horse chestnut [Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambress.) Hook. Hippocastanaceae]: a wild forest tree used for food and medicine by the tribes of Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India. Genetic Res Crop Evol. 2023;71(1): 539–547. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01720-7
Anwar A, Faisal R, Gul S, Khan F, Sultana U, Durrani M et al. Intestinal Relaxant Activity of Crude Extract of Aesculus Indica and Its Underlying Mechanism. Annals Punjab Med Coll. 2022;16(4):226-230.
Yadav N, Singh AP, Rana, AC, Kumar S, Kaur P, Singh J et al. Aesculus indica: an updated review on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological profile. Egyptian J Bas App Sci. 2022;9(1):125–135. DOI: https://10.1080/2314808X.2022.2045455
Paudel HR, Poudel P, Kunwar RM, Sher H, Ur Rahman I, Abbasi AM, Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY. Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. S apindaceae. Ethnobotany of the Himalayas. 2021:163-70. DOI: https:// 10.1007/978-3-030-57408-6_13
More PR, Velhal AB, Chaware VJ, Redasani VK. Acute toxicity study and anti-nociceptive activity of ethanol extract of Aesculus Indica seeds on experimental animal models. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 2021 Aug 15;9(4):31-8.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.986
Kumari M, Kumar RM, Zhang B, Amarowicz R, Puri S, Pundir A et al. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.: A Review on Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Promoting Functionalities. Plants. 2022;11(22):3091. DOI: https://10.3390/plants11223091
Nwozo OS, Effiong EM, Aja PM, Awuchi CG. Antioxidant, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. Int J Food Prop. 2023;26(1):359–388. DOI: https://10.1080/10942912.2022.2157425
Gulcin İ. Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview. Archives of toxicology. 2020 Mar;94(3):651-715. DOI: https://10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3.
Gracelin DHS, Britto AJD, Kumar BJR. Antibacterial screening of a few medicinal ferns against antibiotic resistant phyto pathogen. IJPSR 2012;3(03):869-873. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(3).868-73
Pal D, Singh H, Kumar M. A preliminary study on the in vitro antioxidant activity of seeds of Aesculus indica and bark of Populus euphratica. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(4):249-250.
Shahbaz H. In vitro antioxidant potential and antiproliferative activity of Aesculus indica seed extract against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2021;34(1):301-306. DOI: http://10.36721/PJPS.2021.34.1.SUP.291-300.1
Zahoor M, Shafiq S, Ullah H, Sadiq A, Ullah F. Isolation of quercetin and mandelic acid from A.indica fruit and their biological activities. BMC Biochem. 2018;19(1):5. DOI: http:// 10.1186/s12858-018-0095-7
Fatima H, Shahid M, Fatima S, Mills PJ, Pruitt C, Meredith A et al. Chemical Fingerprinting, Anti- Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Potential of Hydroethanolic Extract of Aesculus indica. Food Sci Nut. 2025;13:e4721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4721
Bibi Y, Nisa S, Chaudhary FM, Zia M. Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan. BMC Complem Altern Med. 2011;11:52-55. DOI: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/52
Takahashi T, Tsurunaga Y, Schmidt WF, Yoshino K. Functional evaluation of horse chestnut seed and its application in the production of compounded paper for effective utilization of an untapped resource. J Wood Sci. 2017;63:484–495. DOI:http://10.1007/s10086-017-1649-9
Faisal R, Anwar A, Khokhar A, Sattar A, Jamil A, Jamal A. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Aesculus Indica in Comparison with Aspirin on Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema in Rats. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2022;72(3):822–825. DOI:http://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72i3.6634
Colak H, Karakose E, Duman F. High optoelectronic and antimicrobial performances of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using Aesculus hippocastanum. Environ Chem Lett. 2017;15:547–552. DOI: http://10.1007/s10311-017-0629-z
Khantwal N, Sharma CM, Gairola S. Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Aesculus indica (Wall. ex cambess.) Hook. leaf extracts along an altitudinal gradient in the Garhwal Himalaya. Biochem syst Ecol. 2025;123: 67-75. DOI: http://10.1007/s10311-017-0629-z
Sheikh F, Naz I, Rahman L, Younis T, Shinwari ZK, Faisal R. Genus Fagonia mediated nanoparticles and their therapeutic potential: a review. Pak J Bot. 2024;56(4):1623-1629. DOI: http://10.30848/PJB2024-4(13)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 naseer, Aamna Khokhar, Iram Kamal, Rizwan Faisal, Attia aAnwar, Afeefah Sattar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Readers may “Share-copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” and “Adapt-remix, transform, and build upon the material”. The readers must give appropriate credit to the source of the material and indicate if changes were made to the material. Readers may not use the material for commercial purposes. The readers may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
.png)
